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A capacitor


in paper and metal

One of my young friend the chemist was necessary a variable capacitor (KPE) and it was found that find it not so simple, in connection with which he had the idea to do it yourself. At first I It seemed that the topic is not worth a damn - and ready to KPE in bulk, and easy familiarity with the technical description makes it obvious inappropriateness of independent manufacturing ... But, sending it into Google, just in, he decided to go look, and found that KPE is now really very little in the sale, and prices are available unhealthy, and most importantly - there is absolutely no information on how to actually arranged this simple RADIODETAL, resulting in (after getting acquainted with an extremely simple principle of work and patterns of school physics textbook for the penultimate year) and there is the idea that "here we are right now with his right foot to the left ear!" :)
therefore took the trouble to describe in detail the actual concrete radioelement with an explanation that there is reason, and decided to throw a compilation of letters and journal - As example of the difference between the concept drawings in the textbooks and the actual radio components, which can indeed be practically used.

For example KPE unit is taken from domestic broadcast receivers III-class (and not just any military or special applications, which are arranged much more difficult), ie the most that neither is mediocre:). Currently, the receivers KPE as an element of adjustment, of course, hardly used - it replaced by a reverse pn-junction varactors - special diode capacitance are highly dependent on the applied reverse bias to them, but in general number of applications, in particular in the differential dielkometre (device for measuring the dielectric constant), for which proper and needed KPE my friend, the air variable capacitor irreplaceable ...

(clickable images)

housing block cast of silumin (an alloy of aluminum and silicon, the basis for the choice of material - easy handling, precision casting and strength with sufficient rigidity) and electrically associated with moving plates - the rotor. On the advantages of such a connection is compared with the design, where the body is connected to the stator plates later.
stator plates are made of aluminum (high electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance, and lightness) and connected to the perforated bags plates, the holes are laminated tabs plates. Double lining and made of tin (tinned) copper, since each unit stator is fixed in the body by soldering, and brazing aluminum directly is extremely difficult, ie, besides separator functions, they play the role of carriers. Three-piece unit, and each package is isolated from the stator housing and the other two set to porcelain (the best insulator, is not hygroscopic and provides minimal losses, practically eternal) columns, with one end pressed into the case, but on the other end of each of them pressed on a copper tinned Cap for fastening the package plate by soldering. One of the caps on each section has a silver-plated tab with a hole for soldering output.
Plates rotor is also made of aluminum and pressed on for the bronze (copper-tin alloy; need high strength, stiffness, corrosion resistance and low coefficient of friction in pair with steel, since the shaft is part of ball bearings it) shaft that is common to all three sections. Press-on plate on the shaft provides sufficient rigidity of the rotor, but the ends of rotor plates are no protected and may be subject to external distorting, so They recorded a perforated steel plate. The latter is also a mechanical stop at Pushing movable plates in fixed, ie by careless typing subjected to additional, "remove" it from the mechanical impact of plates, so besides expanding, projections plates are made longer and more curved. In order to make the moment of total input of moving plates fixed to avoid their closure plate, under the latest More getinaksovaya is enclosed insulating gasket. To protect against corrosion points of contact of aluminum with steel plates (two disparate metal in a damp environment form a galvanic cell, and therefore heavily corroded), the latter are covered with paint. In carrying tin lining is tread pair of copper-aluminum (see school textbook Chemistry in the penultimate class), so there is no need to defend. The ends of each plate package as a result of exposure to the deforming mechanical impact, have radial slits to facilitate subsequent edits.



addition to the capacitor plates, pressed on the shaft and the slotted silver-plated discs, providing a sliding contact - each section of his own. Fixed contact is provided with brass (copper-zinc alloy; need resilience and durability with good electrical conductivity), silver-plated brushes are also equipped with paddles for soldering wires. As the touching point of rolling contact in this case fundamental importance (unlike potentiometers) brush for the contact reliability made double. Each brush is attached to the body of a brass caps (as compared with the rivet connection is more rigid and provides a fixed position relative to the body brush). Because the rotor is electrically common to all three sections, triple contact double brushes provides a guaranteed connection with any rotor position for a long time. Individual withdrawal from the mobile contact of each section is convenient because it allows each of them to connect their own shielded twisted pair to the desired location of the scheme (they are usually physically separated).
rotor shaft to ensure a smooth and proportionality of the force of the governing body rotates in the two ball bearings. To ensure minimum axial play, the bearing is made asymmetric. Front entrance bearing is a radial-thrust and is is pressed into a steel casing with a hemispherical cup of the working surface on which the rolling steel balls. The role of the second ring front bearing performs calibrated facet of the rotor shaft. Rear bearing is stubborn and is the only steel ball, rotating between a hemispherical recess in the shaft end and a conical recess in the steel propeller thrust bearing provided with a slot for a screwdriver and nut, which allows after selecting a backlash to fix the desired position.



On the front end of a shaft mounted driven gear reducer, physically representing two connected steel spring duralumin (copper-aluminum alloy; need ease with high strength and durability) gears, one of which is rigidly mounted on a steel shaft with a retaining screw, and the other is free to rotate on it as the axis, is prevented from axial displacement split washer vnatyag worn on the ring groove at the end of the shaft. In general, such a design driven gear has two objectives: to make the gear backlash-free connection (contractible spring two halves of the driven gear their teeth tightly grasping each tooth lead, thereby ensuring the absence of a dead zone when the direction of rotation) and adjustable limit the capacitance due to changes in the maximum depth input moving plates fixed, which is provided in the body milled gears semi-circular groove and falling into his finger steel hull reducer. In this design by changing the relative position of the halves driven gear can change the depth of the input in the range of 0-30 degrees (at full during 180 degrees).
pinion gear reducer is made of thermosetting plastics (phenol-formaldehyde, provides the necessary rigidity, wear resistance and durability) and has two pulley: a smaller diameter - the actual driving, which wrapped nylon fishing line, rope or cord, connects gear with body control, and more - an indicator that provides pointer movement scale. Since the drive pulley should provide clearly commit extreme positions, in which he experiences a significant mechanical loads, it contains within itself the pin on which to put on two end loop connection with the control stick to prevent slippage which at its end is the hat.
drive the same pointer is a passive device, it is closed loop, allows sliding and therefore is fixed on a pulley rope threading between two curly projections, similar mooring bollard. Pinion gear rotates on a steel axle having a slot at the end of a screwdriver and fixed front slotted the puck planted in the designated for her recess at the end of the axis. The second end of the shaft has a bearing surface and a threaded shank of smaller diameter, fastened through the foramen ovale to the steel gear housing nut and washer. Foramen ovale allows you to adjust the depth of engagement gear reducer, and adjust it to the extent of wear. In addition, the foramen ovale allows it to adjust the upper limit of the capacitance by changing the relative position of two parts driven gears without the need to dismantle the leadership (and hence accompanied his dismantling of the system and ropes). On the other hand, Use a slotted axle instead of screws and split lock washers as a limiter allows to disassemble the pulley, not having access to the rear side of the gear housing.
Overall unit is mounted in the construction of screws passed through three holes in the steel legs, two of which are located on the gearbox housing and one - an extra steel leg, attached to the rear of the unit capacitors with two screws: conventional and eccentric, allows to some extent change the position of the pulleys relative to the plane of the drive ropes, providing them with a smooth winding of the pulleys (the overlap - Is a step in the adjustment, which is often not possible). All three mounting holes with rubber shock absorbers to prevent mechanical modulation of the rotor vibration device.

bearing block, sliding contacts, gears and axle pulley lubricated with grease grease.

should be noted that this instance of KPE unit, with advanced age (released in August 1959) and having worked on a daily basis for over 30 years now Time is fully functional, absolutely no backlash, lightweight and mobile. Even the rubber shock absorbers have no cracks are fresh and springy as a \u0026lt;a metaphor>. There is no doubt that he can and has to serve for fifty years, so The popular expression "did for centuries" is not always hyperbolic:))

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War










tuttto to hell.
E 'everything went to hell. In summary: I ask the cooperation of Miss Denise Williams, director of the hospital / community center / Mount Sinai / Area 51 (at this point.) She proves helpful and attentive. Careful to delegate to the incapacity. The girl's mother, Snow, go to the community center on the day that I do visit. I have it before. The rules are clear: to raise the Slavic, let alone in the room with the kid and lock it with two bodyguards hidden among the staff. Let it go. Difficult? not really.

sent her away.

can not see the children.

The girl escaped and was killed two nights later at the bus stop in front of the community center. Stunned. I wanted to shoot me in the head to the red dickhead at the reception and also to Williams. Can we take the murderess and put it in the hospital, a tough cookie. Who I fastened her to the visit? the Strongale. The rate of stress flies dramatically. The strongale is a pitbull with contractions in the jaw that will keep the bird in his mouth. Do not open your mouth even if he wanted. A nightmare. Maily "tritapalle" Strongale. I enter, I lock myself in and teach English to the boy. Speaks to the fine. Fuckin 'fist, the port area. I point, fatigue, late, but I have a point.

She makes me RELATIONSHIP.

oh God please sustain me, because it'll kill them all. I am the relationship. I am the Christ of God report. You got it. For violation of human rights and good education. I screwed up. What I take away his badge when this is over. Later. First I have to do. I'm struggling to keep up with this history, they are constantly one step ahead of me. I'm struggling to hang on to the convoy. I can not and must not lose it. I do not accept more sticks in the wheels. Talk. If Christ speak.

It takes me a shot.

Oreck Vacuum And Frieze Carpet

Addition: drown oil


drown Oil

Theory (to the extent necessary competent cook) and justification.
purity substances and food is often underestimated ... Between so, anyone had tried to use for drinking and cooking, say, only distilled water, the maximum a couple of weeks clearly feel the difference in their own skin, and quite literally - the skin becomes clean, smooth and velvety, whites of the eyes unusually white and so on, and the like Besides ...
Still remember the time when the film was treated at home alone, will recall and shelf processing solutions - not more than months without drinking. Being well prepared in distilled water from pure chemicals (not any special-sound, but simply well-purified, for example, twice recrystallized), the same standard solutions are completely colorless (without exception, the chemicals included in the manufacturing fotorastvorov, pure colorless) transparent and stored in an airtight container for years (up to 10 years - I myself have produced such a lengthy experiment), without changing the properties.
Fragile and very soluble even in weak acids like vinegar, zinc, being cleaned up to the content of the basic substance is 99,999% of plastic as gold and does not react even with aqua regia.
examples in this spirit can be a long drive ...
argument for those who strongly cares about his health: in contrast to plant oil and butter ("wet" oil that is), frying in melted butter and peroxide are not formed oligomers (all animals are saturated fatty acids, are not double bonds, and there's just nothing to cure and sour excessively, but due to lack of water - hydrolysed), which are known to be carcinogenic.

now actually about oil.
fats on their own - a very persistent chemical compounds. As with most other organic substances (and the majority of inorganic too), the fats are two main enemies: water and oxygen. That's because cereal is not stored for more than 2 years (and containing the greatest amount of fat - Millet, for example - only six months, the maximum per year) that rancid is always present in their fat, adjacent to the moisture, which completely removed by drying impossible, and from the air cereals do not hide. If desired, prepare ghee in store (and it is dreary and the operation is naturally better to do it less often) have the maximum release of butter from the water dissolved in it. Ideally, a good oil to overtake under reduced pressure so that it boiled at a temperature of 100-110 degrees - This product is guaranteed not to lose consumer qualities of not less than 10 years, but at home it is almost impossible.

therefore do the following (part of the recommendations without further explanation of why one or the other - so as not to clutter):
well. buy 4.2 kilograms of Finnish kisloslivochnogo 82% strength of the Finnish oil production (for example, "Valio", the Finnish oil domestic production, such as "Seven Lakes", and so is worse and is usually more expensive) in larger packages (best polukilogrammovye), but not by weight. Immediately, the day of purchase free from packaging and placed in a suitable pan, if possible with a Teflon-coated (and then have to be cleaned);
b. melt and bring to a boil, and then subtracts the fire so that the oil was boiling without spray (visual type of the surface of Solaris in the same domestic film). We have a task to remove 16-17% moisture and curd. If desired, you can make foam off into a separate bowl (many people love - is albumin, milk sugar - say, like the ice cream when cool, and I have not tried). If the ice cream is the hunters no foam, it is better not to shoot - it comes off, and a sizeable amount of oil.
in. at some point in the whole curd settles on the bottom, seal and oil will be transparent, and release of bubbles drastically reduced. Since then, should not depart from the pan and carefully watch all the time, reduce the heat so that the release of bubbles from the bottom occurred very sparingly, without swelling the oil surface. As you remove the residual moisture layer of cheese on the bottom begins to gold - the fire should be more reduce how much patience allows. Between the moment when all the water boils away and the start of boiling oil actually has a tangible gap, since the difference these temperatures is a few tens of degrees and it takes time to heat. Here in this period and we should remove the pan. If overheated, the oil will be dark;
, the oil will certainly be filtered. Better do it soon, because as cool its viscosity increases significantly and filtering slows to a crawl. If you hesitated and the oil was thicken, a little better again heat it until transparent. Filter should be after 4 layers of gauze or bandage. In as a funnel, you can use cut off from the plastic bottle with a neck portion. If you pour directly into the container where the oil will be stored (the best entire half-liter cans with tight Wide screw cap), it is best to do it alone, because to drain oil from the pan without spilling it while controlling the level of the package is quite difficult. Drain the oil from the pan with a straight edge without spilling a drop, you can use as a conductor spoon or a fork with a long handle, dropping one end into the funnel, and the middle or slightly above touching the edge of the pan. Alone is better to pour oil ladle. Containers should be clean and dry (better clean up the banks just before and wipe them dry inside as stated in the manual for sudomoek:)

Oil thus prepared, should be light or bright yellow and in a sealed container can be guaranteed to be stored at room temperature less than 2 years, and in the fridge - 5.
However, it should be ready for the unexpected increase in weight by 3-5 pounds in a short time ;-)
Obviously, solely due to the consumption of healthy products:))

Supplement to complement, in case anyone interested in the process of getting clean water (Quote from a children's book):

(clickable)